Reference guide for common x86 instructions including data transfer, integer operations, logic instructions, flow control, and assembler directives for AT&T syntax.

Developing robust programs, user testing, data testing corner cases, module testing, error handling, recovery points, and practical error checking in assembly programs.

Code optimization principles, when and where to optimize, profiling tools, local and global optimizations, register usage, caching, and locality of reference.

First C program example, program structure, comments, preprocessor directives, functions, parameters, return types, and comparison with assembly language.

Binary number systems, truth/falsehood and bit operations, boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT, XOR), shifts and rotates, binary/octal/hexadecimal number conversion.