Discusses how fungi obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion of dead organic matter through secretion of enzymes, absorption via hyphae, and their ecological role as primary decomposers aiding nutrient cycling and soil fertility.
Defines heterokaryosis as the coexistence of genetically distinct nuclei in a fungal mycelium, describes its formation through hyphal fusion, mutation, and sexual reproduction, and explains its significance for genetic variation, fungal adaptability, and pathogenicity.
This document explains the six essential stages in the plant disease cycle including survival, inoculation, penetration, infection, colonization, and reproduction. It also highlights the disease triangle concept crucial for understanding conditions necessary for disease development and control.
This detailed PDF covers physical, political, and economic geography of India. Topics include mountain ranges, rivers, climate zones, natural resources, and regional geography. It also emphasizes recent geographical changes and environmental issues