Explains heterokaryosis as condition of multiple genetically distinct haploid nuclei in shared cytoplasm, formation mechanisms (anastomosis, mutation, dikaryosis), role as substitute for heterozygosity in haploid fungi, physiological flexibility, parasexual cycle involvement, and pathogenic implications in disease development.
Explores mycorrhizal symbiosis between fungi and plant roots (>90% plant species), mutualistic benefits, two main types (endomycorrhiza/arbuscular and ectomycorrhiza), nutrient and water acquisition mechanisms, soil health improvement, nutrient cycling, drought tolerance, and the “wood wide web” for inter-plant communication.
Details the parasexual cycle in imperfect fungi (Ascomycota), including four stages: heterokaryosis, karyogamy, mitotic crossing-over, and haploidization. Explains genetic recombination mechanisms without true meiosis, its role in generating genetic variation, industrial applications in antibiotic production, and pathogenic implications.
Advanced comprehensive review covering constitutive and induced plant defenses (physical, chemical, ecological), two-tiered immune system (PTI/ETI), phytohormone signaling (SA/JA pathways), tritrophic interactions, volatile organic compounds, trade-offs between growth and defense, and biotechnological applications for integrated pest management.
Comprehensive illustrated glossary covering plant cell types (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), tissue systems (dermal, ground, vascular), xylem and phloem structures, vascular bundles, cambium, steles, secondary growth, periderm, and anatomical terminology. Essential reference for practical botany laboratory work with detailed diagrams and definitions.