Advanced comprehensive review covering constitutive and induced plant defenses (physical, chemical, ecological), two-tiered immune system (PTI/ETI), phytohormone signaling (SA/JA pathways), tritrophic interactions, volatile organic compounds, trade-offs between growth and defense, and biotechnological applications for integrated pest management.
Comprehensive illustrated glossary covering plant cell types (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), tissue systems (dermal, ground, vascular), xylem and phloem structures, vascular bundles, cambium, steles, secondary growth, periderm, and anatomical terminology. Essential reference for practical botany laboratory work with detailed diagrams and definitions.
Details six essential stages of plant disease cycle: survival/dormancy, inoculation, pre-penetration, penetration, infection/colonization, and reproduction/dissemination. Explains disease triangle (host, pathogen, environment), over-seasoning mechanisms, primary and secondary inoculum sources, and environmental factors affecting disease development.
This file explains the concept of heterospory wherein two spore types (microspores and megaspores) develop, related to sex determination. It discusses evidences from fossils, developmental biology, and experimental observations that support the origin and evolutionary importance of heterospory in plant reproduction.
This document covers the evolutionary biology of vascular plants including pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and fossil plants. It focuses extensively on heterospory, its biological significance, paleobotanical evidences, developmental and experimental studies, and its role as a precursor to seed habit development.