Advanced study notes for M.Sc. Botany covering morphogenesis, meristematic tissue organization (RAM, SAM), cell-to-cell communication, plant development mechanisms including root and shoot apical meristems, hormonal control of seedling growth, gene expression regulation, anomalous secondary growth, and phyllotaxy patterns with molecular insights and developmental biology principles.
Describes how fungi like Trichoderma act as biocontrol agents using mechanisms such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition for resources, and induced systemic resistance. The document explains their role in controlling soil-borne pathogens like Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia, offering eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides in sustainable agriculture.
The document reviews how plants absorb, transport, and lose water, vital for physiological processes such as photosynthesis and turgor maintenance. It covers key concepts including water potential, transpiration, osmosis, water transport pathways, and the cohesion-tension theory.
Explores membrane transport processes—passive, active diffusion, osmosis—and common transport problems affecting plants (ion imbalance, loss of selectivity, aquatic stress, toxic substance accumulation). Discusses physiological impacts, cellular mechanisms, and strategies for plant stress tolerance and productivity improvement.
Covers the role of fungi as both beneficial and pathogenic organisms in agroecosystems. Details fungal morphology, disease symptoms (necrosis, abnormal growth), beneficial effects (mycorrhizae, antibiotics), and disease control strategies using genetics, cultural practices, and chemical applications for crop health management.