Forecasting: reliable estimates of uncertain future events using historical data. Types: demand, environmental, technological. Timing: short-range (<3 months), medium-range (3-12 months), long-range (3+ years). Methods: qualitative (personal opinion, Delphi), quantitative (freehand, smoothing, trend).
Dunlop system approach: participants (workers, management, government), environmental forces (technology, market, power). Craig framework: inputs, processes, outputs, feedback loops. System components interact within boundaries. Output: network of rules, labor policy, agreements ensuring fair worker treatment.
Employees Compensation Act 1923: employer liability for employment-related injury compensation. Injury types: death, PTD, PPD, TTD, TPD, occupational diseases. Compensation: 50% wages (death), 60% (PTD). Excludes 3-day injuries, drug/alcohol influence, safety disregard.
Industrial relations: employer-employee-union workplace interaction establishing employment terms/conditions. Processes: collective bargaining, grievance machinery, dispute settlement. Contents: pay, hours, leave, health, safety, discipline. Objectives: mutual understanding, conflict avoidance, productivity increase, industrial democracy establishment.
Indian labor laws: Factories Act 1948, Maternity Benefit, Payment of Wages 1936, Minimum Wages 1948, Industrial Disputes 1947, Trade Unions 1926, Employees’ State Insurance 1948, EPF 1952. Concurrent jurisdiction between central and state governments.