Sampling distribution: probability distribution of all possible sample statistic values. Mean sampling distribution properties: arithmetic mean equals population mean µ, standard deviation equals σ/√n. Central Limit Theorem: non-normal populations approximate normal (n≥30).
Gestalt psychology (Kohler, 1900s Germany) emphasizing holistic human experience. Learning theory on information reception-organization-storage-retrieval. Cognitivism focuses on retention/recall through quality teaching. Transformative learning (Mezirow) explains meaning revision through frames of reference composition.
Sampling definition: selecting representative sample from population for analysis and inference. Needs: population movement, cost/time constraints, destructive testing. Bias types: undercoverage, non-response, wording. Sampling vs non-sampling errors. Population parameters (µ, σ²) vs sample statistics (X̄, s²).
Industrial conflict expressing opposition between owners/managers and workers. Forms: organized (collective strikes/lockouts) and unorganized (individual absenteeism). Theories: Ross-Hartman industrialization, Marx exploitation, Dubin institutionalization, Clegg bargaining, Korpi-Shalev welfare, Hansen business cycle impacts.
Payment of Wages Act 1936 regulating wage payments across establishments. Wages definition, inclusions (awards, overtime, bonuses), exclusions (pensions, gratuities). Deductions allowed (20 types), wage period fixation (≤1 month), payment time/mode, fines (max 29%), register maintenance requirements.