Provides in-depth explanation of heterokaryosis, where genetically distinct nuclei coexist in fungal mycelium. Covers formation mechanisms (anastomosis, mutation, spore inclusion), genetic consequences (complementation, adaptive flexibility), role in parasexual cycle, and examples from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Essential for understanding fungal genetic variability and evolutionary adaptation.
This practical report demonstrates osmosis by observing changes in raisin size when placed in distilled water (hypotonic) and concentrated sugar solution (hypertonic). It explains endosmosis, exosmosis, water potential, and semi-permeable membrane function, with detailed procedure, observations, and conclusions for understanding water movement in plant cells.
Describes how fungi like Trichoderma act as biocontrol agents using mechanisms such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition for resources, and induced systemic resistance. The document explains their role in controlling soil-borne pathogens like Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia, offering eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides in sustainable agriculture.
This document reviews phylogenomic revisions in fungal classification, including the discovery of new phyla such as Cryptomycota, Mucoromycota, and Zoopagomycota. It discusses the breakdown of polyphyletic groups like Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota, placement of Microsporidia within fungi, and molecular advances that have clarified evolutionary relationships among fungal lineages.
This practical notes document details an experiment to determine seed germination percentage of Vigna radiata. It includes the objective, materials, procedure, daily observations, calculation formula for germination percentage, results, and conclusion discussing seed viability and factors affecting germination.