Detailed study of transformation as horizontal gene transfer mechanism including competence development, natural transformation (in late stationary phase), artificial methods (chemical/CaCl₂, heat shock 42°C, electroporation), DNA binding and uptake mechanisms, chromosomal vs. plasmid integration, selection of transformants using antibiotic markers, and applications in genetic engineering.
Comparative study of non-conventional infectious agents: viroids (small circular RNA without protein coat), virusoids (defective RNA requiring plant viruses), and prions (infectious misfolded proteins). Covers structure, mechanism of infection, diseases caused (potato spindle tuber, TSE/mad cow disease), replication without nucleic acid (prions), and diagnostic/preventive measures.
Comprehensive lecture covering detailed bacterial cell structure (pili, flagella, ribosomes), nutritional classification (autotrophs, heterotrophs, lithotrophs, phototrophs), metabolic pathways (aerobic/anaerobic respiration, fermentation), reproduction methods (binary fission, budding, fragmentation), and spore formation with electron microscopy details.
Student assignment document covering practical microbiology experiments, laboratory techniques, experimental protocols, observations, results analysis, and conclusions. Documents hands-on training in culture media preparation, staining, isolation techniques, identification of microorganisms, and interpretation of laboratory findings.
Comprehensive historical overview from 1673 (Leeuwenhoek) through modern era covering microscope development (Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hook), microbial classification, germ theory, sterilization techniques (autoclaving), culture media development (Koch), antibiotic discovery (Fleming-Penicillin), and contributions from pioneering microbiologists including Pasteur, Waksman, and others to modern microbiology.