Industrial Disputes Meaning and Causes

Industrial disputes covering meaning and definition per Industrial Disputes Act 1947 Section 2(k), distinction between employers-workmen disputes, types of disputes (interest disputes and rights disputes), impacts on employers (production stoppage, cost increase, profit fall, compensation liability, loss of prestige, labor alienation), impacts on employees (income loss, personal injury, psychological effects, employment threat), impacts on economy (national productivity decline, resource wastage, political unrest), causes of industrial disputes (economic: wages, allowances, working conditions, leave, retrenchment; non-economic: victimization, indiscipline, violence), types of industrial actions (overt: strikes, picketing, work-to-rule, go-slow, sit-ins; covert: absenteeism, sabotage, labor turnover, exclusion from decision-making).