Comprehensive study of transduction as phage-mediated DNA transfer including two types: generalized transduction (random bacterial DNA packaging into phage particle during lytic cycle) and specialized transduction (specific bacterial genes transferred during lysogenic cycle). Covers transducing phages, host range limitations, DNA integration mechanisms, and applications in gene mapping and molecular biology.
Comprehensive coverage of conjugation as direct bacterial genetic transfer via pilus (sex pilus). Details F plasmid (fertility plasmid) structure and function, formation of mating bridge between F+ (donor) and F- (recipient) cells, step-by-step DNA transfer mechanism, Hfr strains, genetic mapping using interrupted mating, and advantages over other gene transfer methods (requires direct contact, phage-resistant).
Detailed study of transformation as horizontal gene transfer mechanism including competence development, natural transformation (in late stationary phase), artificial methods (chemical/CaCl₂, heat shock 42°C, electroporation), DNA binding and uptake mechanisms, chromosomal vs. plasmid integration, selection of transformants using antibiotic markers, and applications in genetic engineering.
Comparative study of non-conventional infectious agents: viroids (small circular RNA without protein coat), virusoids (defective RNA requiring plant viruses), and prions (infectious misfolded proteins). Covers structure, mechanism of infection, diseases caused (potato spindle tuber, TSE/mad cow disease), replication without nucleic acid (prions), and diagnostic/preventive measures.
Comprehensive lecture covering detailed bacterial cell structure (pili, flagella, ribosomes), nutritional classification (autotrophs, heterotrophs, lithotrophs, phototrophs), metabolic pathways (aerobic/anaerobic respiration, fermentation), reproduction methods (binary fission, budding, fragmentation), and spore formation with electron microscopy details.